Pay-Off Diagrams: Strategies for Option Trading

Options combine into almost any payoff shape. The useful way to organise them is by the view each expresses, since every strategy is a statement about direction, volatility, or both.

The four single-option positions

Long call: max(SK,0)premium\max(S-K,0) - \text{premium}. Bullish, limited loss, unlimited upside.

Short call: bearish or neutral, capped gain at the premium, unbounded loss.

Long put: bearish, limited loss, large gain if the underlying collapses.

Short put: bullish or neutral, capped gain, large loss on a fall.

Note the pattern: buyers have limited loss and unlimited (or large) gain; sellers have the reverse. Sellers are compensated for that asymmetry by receiving the premium, and they win more often while losing more when they lose.

Directional with capped risk: spreads

Bull call spread: buy a call at K1K_1, sell one at K2>K1K_2 > K_1. Bullish, cheaper than the outright call because the sold call funds part of it, with the upside capped above K2K_2.

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