OS & Memory

Stack or Heap?

Difficulty

Asked at Squarepoint Capital

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"xxxx xxxx xxxxxxxx?" xx xxx xxxxxxxx xxxx xxxxxxxxx x++ xxxxxx xxx xxxx xxxxx x xxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxxx xxx, xxx xx xx xxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxxxx xx xxxxxxx xxx xxxx. xxx xxxxxxxxxx xx xxxxxx xxxxxx x xxx::xxxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxxxx xxxxxx, x xxx::xxxxxx xxxx xxx xxxxxx xx xx xxxxxx, xx x xxx::xxx xxxxx xx xxxxxx x xxxxxxxx xxx xxxxx xxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxx.

xx xxxx xxxxxxx xxxx xxx xxx xxx xxxx xxxxxxxxx. xx xxxxxx.

xxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxx xx xxxxxxxxxxxx, xxx xxx xxxxx xxxxxxxx xxx xxxxxxxxxxx xxxx xx xxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xx xxxx xx xxxx xx xxxxxxx. xxxxxxxxx xxx xxxx xx xxx xxxxx_xxxx xxxxxxxxx:

xxxx xxxx xxxxx(xxx::xxxxxx_xxxx xxxx): xxxxx xxx xxxxx-xxxxxxxxx xxxxx. xxxx xx xxxxxx xx xxx xxxxxx xxxxx xxxxx, xxx xxxxxxx xxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxx xxxxxxx. xxxx xxxxxxxxxxx.
xxx::xxxxxx xxxx(xxxxx xxx::xxxxxx<xxx::xxxxxx>& xxxx): xxxx xxxx x xxxxxx , xxxxxxx xxxx xxxx. xx xxxx xxx xxxxxxxxxx, xxxxxxxx xxx xxxx xx xxx xxxxxx.
xxx::xxxxx<xxxx xxxx, x> xxx_xxxxx(xxxxx xxx::xxxxxx<xxxx xxxx>& xxxxxx): xxx xxxxx xxxxxxx, xxxxxxxxxx. xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxx x. xxxx xxxxxxxxxxx.
xxxx xxxx xxxxxx_xxxxx(xxxxx xxx::xxxxxx<xxxx xxxx>& xxxxxx): xxx xxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxx xx xx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxx. xxxx xxxxxxxxxxx.

xxxxxxxx

xxxxx_xxxx::xxxxx("xxx xxxxx  xxxxx xxx ");   // x
xxxxx_xxxx::xxxx({"xxxxx", "xxxx", "xxxxx"}); // "xxxxx,xxxx,xxxxx"
xxxxx_xxxx::xxx_xxxxx({x, x, x, x, x, x});    // {x, x, x}
xxxxx_xxxx::xxxxxx_xxxxx({x, x, x, x, x, x, x}); // x

xxxxx xxx xx xxxxx xxx xx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxx xxxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxxx xxx xxxx xxxx x xxxxxx xx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxx xxxxx xxxxx xx xxxxx xxxxxx xx xx. xxxxxxxxx xx x xxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx xx x xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx, xx x xxxx xxxxxx xx x xxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx xxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xx xxxxxx. xxxxxxx x xxxxxx xx xxxx xx xxxxx xxx xxxxxx xxxxx xx xxxx xx xxxxx xx xxx xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx x xxx xx xxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxx xxx xxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxx xxxxxxx xx xx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxx xxx xxx xxxxxx.

xxxx xxxx xx xxxxxxx xxx xxxxxxxxxx xxx xxx xxxx. xxx xxxxxx xxx xx xxxx xxxxxxxxx xxx xx xxx xx xxxx, xx xx xxxxxxxxxx xx xxx xxxxxx xxxx; x xxxxx xx xxx.

xxxxxxxxxxx

xx xx ( x xxxxx xx^x ) xxxxxxxx xx xxx xxxxx, xxx xx xx xx,xxx xxxx. xxxxxx xxx xxxxxxxxx xxxx xxxxx, xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxx.
xxxx xxx xxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxx xxxxxxxxx xx xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx xxx xxxxxxxxx xxxx xxx xxxxx xxxxxxx xxx.
x xxxxx xxx::xxxxxx xxxxx xxx xxxxx xxxxxx xxx xxxxxx, xx x xxxxx xxxx xxx xxxxxxx xx xxxxxxxxxx xx xxx, xx xxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx. xxxx xx xxx xxx xxxxx xx xxx xxx xxx xxxxxxx xxx.

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Language: C++stack_only

#include <algorithm>
#include <array>
#include <cstddef>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <new>
#include <string>
#include <string_view>
#include <vector>

// ...
// ...
// ...
// ...
// ...
namespace probe {
inline long long& counter() {
    static long long calls = 0;
    return calls;
}
inline long long allocations() { return counter(); }
inline void reset() { counter() = 0; }
}  // ...

void* operator new(std::size_t bytes) {
    ++probe::counter();
    void* p = std::malloc(bytes ? bytes : 1);
    if (!p) throw std::bad_alloc();
    return p;
}
void* operator new[](std::size_t bytes) { return ::operator new(bytes); }
void operator delete(void* p) noexcept { std::free(p); }
void operator delete[](void* p) noexcept { std::free(p); }
void operator delete(void* p, std::size_t) noexcept { std::free(p); }
void operator delete[](void* p, std::size_t) noexcept { std::free(p); }

// ...
// ...
// ...
// ...
namespace stack_only {

// ...
// ...
// ...
long long words(std::string_view text) {
    // ...
    (void)text;
    return 0;
}

// ...
// ...
std::string join(const std::vector<std::string>& tags) {
    // ...
    (void)tags;
    return std::string();
}

// ...
// ...
// ...
std::array<long long, 3> top_three(const std::vector<long long>& values) {
    // ...
    (void)values;
    return std::array<long long, 3>{};
}

// ...
// ...
long long unique_count(const std::vector<long long>& sorted) {
    // ...
    (void)sorted;
    return 0;
}

}  // ...

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